Definition
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive, systemic and sometimes fatal disease of domestic and wild cats. It is most commonly seen in young cats that live in multi-cat households.
Causes of FIP
Feline infectious peritonitis is caused by organisms in the coronavirus group. It is spread between cats that are in close and continuous physical contact – primarily through contact with viral particles in fecal and oral secretions from infected cats. Stress and genetics are thought to contribute to susceptibility to FIP. Most infected animals are asymptomatic and show no outward signs of disease, although they remain carriers of the virus and can still infect other cats. Those cats that do become ill typically show signs of mild upper respiratory tract infection, such as ocular (eye) discharge and/or a runny nose. They also tend to develop a build up of fluid in their abdominal cavity. Occasionally, the feline coronavirus spontaneously mutates and can become lethal. Currently, there is no way to distinguish between the viral infections that cause asymptomatic disease and those that are potentially fatal.
Prevention of FIP
The main mode of transmission appears to be from asymptomatic carrier queens to their kittens and from fecal-oral or saliva contact. Early weaning may help break the cycle of transmission. Routine hygiene to disinfect cages, water and food bowls and the environment, is very helpful to inactivate viral particles and reduce reproduction. Keeping cats indoors also can help prevent infection with this virus. A modified live intranasal FIP vaccine is available and reportedly provides protection to 50%–75% of the cats that receive it. Because this vaccine is not highly effective, it is not currently recommended for routine use in low-risk cats. Anything that increases stress can lessen a cat’s immunity and make it more susceptible to infection by FIP or other infectious agents. Good nutrition, parasite control and a safe, warm environment are also very important.
Special Notes
FIP is difficult to diagnose, control and prevent. When the feline coronavirus infects catteries, the consequences can be catastrophic. Even though a vaccine against FIP is available, most veterinarians do not recommend routine vaccination against FIP. Vaccination is, however, recommended for cats that commonly go outdoors and have contact with other free-roaming cats. Vaccination is also recommended for cats that come from households with an FIP-positive cat.